Key Dimensions

Change is fundamental and unavoidable piece of the advanced society and it noteworthiness is extremely prevailing and extraordinary. Each open and privately owned businesses/associations are exposed to fast and incessant changes, on the grounds that the world changes also. An area and size of organization doesn’t matter. Basically saying, it is essentially unthinkable for the organization to stay away from changes, since they are marvels which are all around acknowledged. Present day directors are chipping away at discovering ways how to staff a feeling of power over evolving circumstances. As a matter of fact protection from change doesn’t imply that that the staff is against them, it implies that they object just the manner in which the progressions are actualized. (Authoritative Change 2006)Staff opposes to changes basically in light of the fact that the purpose behind the change is indistinct for them. Negative responses can be brought about by, for instance, by vag ueness in occupations, costs and equipment.â The following explanation is that staff wasn’t counseled about the potential changes and they seem, by all accounts, to be a cultivated certainty. It implies that representatives are eager to realize what is happening in association, particularly if their occupations might be affected.The third explanation of obstruction is the point at which the potential changes may compromise the current examples of working connections between representatives. Individuals oppose to changes additionally when they are not happy with faculty, monies and plans or when the advantages for presenting changes are insufficient for the included difficulty. Particularly staff is against changes when their capacity or status in association is influenced. Along these lines, directors ought to carefully present changes with the goal that most of workers will be satisfied.(Rosenberg 20)The most significant assignment for supervisors is to make their organiza tions learning associations. There are numerous strategies and approaches, however the most appropriate methodology is to train the staff well giving applicable upgrades to such learning. Diverse instructing and training projects might be effectively actualized. Additionally rewards and individual endorsements are permitted. Workers really ought to be exceptionally energetic. (Yerkes 462)Innovations are significant if the firm/association needs to stay serious in present day condition. Advancement is presentation of new techniques and things with a distinct reason to improve the organization’s execution. Development is mix of information applied to new assistance, procedures and products.Organizational advancement includes inventive thoughts so as to have â€Å"tangible effect in the space in which the development occurs†. (Hyde 64) Innovation is portrayed by the accompanying issues: relative favorable position implying that developments need to deliver critical upgrad es to be adjusted; effortlessness implying that advancement ought to be handily comprehended and introduced; modesty; simple to take a stab at implying that new technique ought to be effectively presented and surrendered if essential; simple to gauge implying that advantages, for example, time, effectiveness and cash ought to be effectively calculated.(Hyde 64)It is clear that burdens are additionally inescapable part in every association. There are numerous expected wellsprings of worry inside authoritative structure. For instance, association size might be a stressor.â Large associations now and then reason the feeling of weakness among representatives. The following source is innovation utilized by an association for items or administration creation. Plan of association may adversely influence representatives making the feeling of being controlled as a machine.The extra pressure sources are close to home clashes, work structure and work jobs. (Laurus 773) It is referred to that anxieties have negative outcomes as they are the reasons of hypertension, coronary vein sickness, stomach ulcers and cardiovascular failures. Stress results in miseries and tensions just as restlessness may compound subjective working. In the outcome an individual may lose focus and trust in dynamic. There are numerous approaches to oversee pressure such as, changing stressors themselves, adjusting mediators of the stressors, decreasing individual’s reactions and lightening the pressure outcomes. Association can oversee worry by offering help administrations, compromise and psychological treatment. (Kahn et al. 99)ReferencesAdaptation to change (2006) Bitpipe White papers on the web, Retrieved September, 30, from http://www.bitpipe.com/rlist/term/Change-Management.html?psrc=RTP.Hyde, A.C. (2002) Understanding Innovation in Management. The Public Manager, 31, 3, 64. James Morrison, and Ian Wilson. (1996) The Strategic Management Response to the Challenge of Global Change, S trategic Management, 7, 3, 25-27.Kahn, R.L., Wolfe, R.P., Quinn, R.P., Snoek, J.D., and Rosenthal, R.A. (1964). Authoritative Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity. New York: Wiley, 98-102.Lazarus, R.S., DeLongis, A., Folkman, S., and Gruen, R. (1985). Stress and Adaptational Outcomes: The Problems of Confounded Measures.  American Psychologist, 40, 770-779.Organizational change the executives (2006) Journal of Organizational Change Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited Retrieved September, 30, from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/data/diaries/jocm/jocm.jspRosenberg, Deanne. (1993, January) Eliminating Resistance to Change. Security Management, 37, 1, 20-23.Yerkes, R.M. and Dodson, J.D. (1988). The Relation of Strength of Stimulus to Rapidity of Habit-Formation. Diary of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459-482.

Photosynthesis Vocabulary Terms and Definitions

Photosynthesis Vocabulary Terms and Definitions Photosynthesis is the procedure by which plants and certain different life forms make glucose from carbon dioxide and water. So as to comprehend and recollect how photosynthesis functions, it assists with knowing the terminology. Use this rundown of photosynthesis terms and definitions for audit or to cause cheat sheets to assist you with learning significant photosynthesis ideas. ADP - ADP represents adenosine diphosphate, a result of the Calvin cycle that is utilized in the light-reliant responses. ATP -ATP represents adenosine triphosphate. ATP is a significant vitality atom in cells. ATP and NADPH are results of the light-needy responses in plants. ATP is usedâ in decrease and recovery of RuBP. autotrophs - Autotrophs are photosynthetic life forms whichâ convert light vitality intoâ the synthetic vitality they have to create, develop, and replicate. Calvin cycle - The Calvin cycle is the name given to the arrangement of concoction reactionsâ of photosynthesis that doesn't necessarilyâ require light. The Calvin cycle takes placeâ in theâ stroma of the chloroplast. It includes the fixing of carbon dioxide intoâ glucose utilizing NADPH and ATP. carbon dioxide (CO2) - Carbon dioxide is a gas normally found in the air that isâ a reactant for the Calvin Cycle. carbon obsession -  ATP and NADPH areâ used to fix CO2 into starches. Carbon obsession happens in the chloroplast stroma.â concoction condition of photosynthesis -  6 CO2 6 H2O â†' C6H12O6 6 O2 chlorophyll - Chlorophyll is the essential color utilized in photosynthesis. Plants contain two fundamental types of chlorophyll:â a b. Chlorophyll has aâ hydrocarbon tail that grapples it to anâ integral protein in the thylakoid layer of the chloroplast. Chlorophyll is the wellspring of the green shade of plants and certain different autotrophs. chloroplast - A chloroplast is the organelle in a plant cell where photosynthesis happens. G3P -  G3P represents glucose-3-phosphate. G3P is an isomer of PGA framed during the Calvin cycle glucose (C6H12O6) - Glucose is the sugar that is the result of photosynthesis. Glucose is framed fromâ 2 PGALs. granum - A granum is a pile of thylakoids (plural: grana) light - Light is a type of electromagnetic radiation; the shorter the frequency theâ greater measure of vitality. Light supplies the vitality for the light responses of photosynthesis. light collecting buildings (photosystems edifices) -  A photosystem (PS) complex is a multi-protein unit in the thylakoid film that assimilated light to fill in as vitality for responses light responses (light ward reactions)â -The light needy responses are substance responses requiring electromagnetic vitality (light) thatâ occur in the thylakoid film of theâ chloroplast to change over lightâ energy into synthetic forms ATP and NAPDH. lumen - The lumen is the district inside the thylakoid layer where water is part to acquire oxygen. The oxygen diffuses out of the cell, while the protons stay inside to construct positive electrical charge inside the thylakoid.â mesophyll cell - A mesophyll cell is a kind of plantâ cell situated between the upper and lower epidermis that is theâ site for photosynthesis NADPH - NADPH is a high-vitality electron carrierâ used in decrease oxidation -  Oxidation alludes to the loss of electrons oxygen (O2) - Oxygen is a gas that is aâ product of the light-needy responses palisade mesophyll - The palisade meophyill is the territory of the mesophyll cell without many air spaces PGAL -  PGAL is an isomer of PGA shaped during the Calvin cycle. photosynthesisâ -Photosynthesis is the procedure by which living beings convert light vitality into substance vitality (glucose). photosystem - A photosystem (PS) is a group of chlorophyll and different atoms in a thylakoid thatâ harvest the vitality of light forâ photosynthesis shade - A color is a hued atom. A pigmentâ absorbs explicit frequencies of light. Chlorophyll ingests blue and red light and reflects greenâ light, so it seems green. decrease - Reduction alludes to the addition of electrons. It frequently happens related to oxidation. rubisco - Rubisco is a chemical that bonds carbon dioxide with RuBP thylakoid - The thylakoid is a plate molded part of chloroplast, found in stacks called grana.

The Music Of Mozart Essays - The Jilting Of Granny Weatherall

The Music Of Mozart What are the musings that experience the psyches of the individuals who close to death? These are the issues at the core of A Clean, Well-Lighted Place composed by Ernest Hemmingway and Katherine Porter's The Jilting Of Granny Weatherall. The primary focal point of A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is on the torment of mature age endured by a man that we meet in a bistro late one night. Hemingway differentiates light and dull to show the contrast between this man and the youngsters around him, and utilizations his deafness as a picture of his partition from the remainder of the world. Also, in The Jilting Of Granny Weatherall, Porter talks about the second thoughts of an elderly person uncovered by her responses to her being left at the raised area and her moderate passing sixty years after the fact. Close to the finish of the two stories, the creators show us the urgent vacancy of a real existence close to completed without its reward for so much hard work, and the disturbance of the old anxious psyche that can't discover harmony. All through the accounts unmistakable pictures of urgency show the lives of the two principle characters at a moment that they have understood the worthlessness of life. In the story, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall, composed by Katherine Porter, Granny Weatherall is a character of profundity. Her name is synomonous with her character. Three primary characteristics of her character are her quality, her continuance, and her defenselessness. Her quality isn't so much physical yet mental. She lies upon her bed examining all that she needs to do. Her girl Cornelia doesn't verge on taking care of undertakings just as she does as far as she could tell. Likewise, she tell the Doctor Leave a well ladies alone...I'll call you when I need you. She doesn't care for the disparaging position that she ends up in. The way that she has just stayed away from death once appears to add to her picture of solidarity. As we follow her psychological ramblings we acquire understanding to her character as a lady that has persevered through sorrow just as hardship. She has figured out how to endure the lost of a kid just as being left at the modify - twice. Notwithstanding, when we understand that Death has stayed with Granny Weatherall she is left powerless against an issue that isn't up for conversation. She states additionally that she needs to consume her letters so as not to seem touchy to her youngsters if they should understand them. The whole setting likewise portrays Granny as powerless and needing help. Music

How to Write a Winning Application Essay Topic

How to Write a Winning Application Essay TopicThere are many commitment essay topics that you can choose from to write. The process is simple; you just select the topic and write your essay. One of the most common topics you will find on a college application is religion, and this is a great topic for many students who are into this area.It is important that the dates are accurate as they will affect the grade you get on your essay. If you write an essay based on the dates of events, such as the date you got engaged, you will need to give a date when you became a devoted Christian. On the other hand, if you wrote that you were about to propose, then you will have to use the date you made the proposal. A date you are about to marry or divorce will be important as well. These dates have to be true and accurate.When you are looking for commitment essay topics, make sure that you write the topics in such a way that it does not imply any negative feelings towards the topic. If you do writ e negatively about a subject, you might not get very many letters of acceptance. If you show that you are capable of being honest and open-minded, this will give you the edge.Another thing to keep in mind is that most letters of acceptance will come from the student's efforts and not the quality of their writing. Sometimes it takes a good amount of work to get a good grade on an essay. A good writer may need time to perfect their skills.For example, if you decide to write about your love of food, this may bring out the difference between a good writer and a bad one. This is because many students say that they love to eat their food, but they also love to write about it. Therefore, this will affect the way you talk about the topic.An important aspect that should not be overlooked is your level of maturity. You must understand that the time you invest in writing an essay is one that will determine whether you get a full scholarship or not. A strong student can gain admission to any co llege that has a good selection of essays. However, you will need to spend some time on your writing if you want to gain a scholarship.You can easily find commitment essay topics on the Internet. Just type in 'commitment essay topics' and you will be bombarded with a large number of websites that can help you with your writing needs. Remember, you do not have to be the best writer in the world in order to gain admission to a college.

A Rich Lifestyle In The Great Gatsby - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1066 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Great Gatsby Essay Did you like this example? Have you ever wondered what life was like back in the older days, when things appeared simpler and life was a lot happier? How everybody had these extravagant and luxurious items and were obsessed with said items. It seemed that everything was perfect: the ideal living style, fabulous items, the American Dream. However, not everything was flawless; everything and everyone had their faults. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Rich Lifestyle In The Great Gatsby" essay for you Create order The Great Gatsby explores this idea of materialism and people wanting nothing but the absolute best. This book also explores the consequences of this form of way of living. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald suggests that the American Dream is the desire to possess material things and live a lavish lifestyle, the people who pursue it are the type of people who are never satisfied, careless, and are always wanting bigger and better things, and this pursuit is ultimately heartbreaking, devastating, and deadly. F. Scott Fitzgerald and other writers that were part of the Lost Generation perceived the American Dream as the wish have several high-quality material possessions and live a fancy life. On the other hand, before the 1920s, the more traditional meaning of the American Dream was one of freedom and creating a better life. The version of the American Dream that Fitzgerald knows started to change from the original version in the 1920s due to the fact that the economy was booming, so that meant that people could now buy more expensive things. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald shows the American Dream in a negative light. He does this by means of showing that characters are never satisfied with their current situation. In order to understand this better, looking at the character Daisy Buchanan. She could be seen as the literal personification of the American Dream. There are many instances in the book where Daisy is obsessed with material things. She even cries over shirts in chapter five of the book. On page 92, it says, Theyre such beautiful shirts, she sobbed, her voice muffled in the thick folds. It makes me sad because Ive never seen such..such beautiful shirts before. People who pursued the American Dream were, more often than not, unsatisfied and constantly trying to outdo their last purchase. Jay Gatsby is one of these characters. In the novel, Gatsby exhibits traits of determination, but also a slight obsession. His determination is a positive trait, and it is shown through his unbending will to win over Daisy Buchanan, the woman he loves. It is stated in the text in chapter four that Gatsby had loved Daisy for many years and will do anything to win her back. His slight obsession is a more negative trait, while he loves Daisy it is the obsessive type. This being for the reason that he was so focused on getting Daisy back that he turned to criminal actions to gain enough wealth to accomplish his goal. He was never content until he got what he wanted. On the contrary to Gatsby, Daisy Buchanan was obsessed with living a wealthy life. In chapter seven on page 120, Gatsby even makes the remark that Daisys voice is full of money. Later in the book, it talks about how even though Daisy loves Gatsby, she chose to stay with her husband, Tom, for the money. Daisy chooses to live in wealth than in love. People who pursue the American Dream are also careless in their actions. This evident through the many examples in the book. One way Fitzgerald shows this is through the car crashes. One major and impactful car crash example is towards the end of chapter seven when Daisy hits and kills Myrtle Wilson. She was careless as she merely drove away after it happened. Gatsby was careless in a different sense. He was reckless in taking the blame for Myrtles death, because when Myrtles husband, George Wilson, found out that Gatsby was responsible for his wifes death, George murdered Gatsby. This pursuit of the American Dream, in the end, is heartbreaking, devastating, and deadly. These three things go hand in hand with one another. One event that falls into all three of these categories is the death of Jay Gatsby. His death is heartbreaking due to the audience seeing how devoted and determined Gatsby was to win Daisy over; in the end, it was all done for nothing. His death was devastating to Nick Carraway, the narrator of the story. So much so that Nick moved back west. On page 176 in chapter nine, it says, After Gatsbys death the East was haunted for me like that, distorted beyond my eyes power of correction.I decided to come back home. Gatsbys pursuit of the American Dream was deadly for the fact that he ended up dead; however, it is more of the fact that his ignorance and carelessness in this pursuit eventually lead to his demise. Another event that happened because of someone elses pursuit of the American Dream is the death of Myrtle Wilson. In Daisy Buchanans pursuit, it made her careless, this killed Myrtle. Her death was heartbreaking and devastating to her husband, Tom Wilson. On page 138 in chapter seven, it says, His [Tom] eyes would drop slowly from the swinging light to the laden table by the wall, and then jerk back to the light again, and he gave out incessantly his high, horrible call: Oh, my Ga-od! Oh, my Ga-od! Oh, my Ga-od! Oh, my Ga-od! Myrtles passing was also devastating for Daisy, she felt guilty and awful. In chapter 7 on page 144, Gatsby tells Nick that Daisy has locked herself in her room and refuses to come out. Daisys pursuit consequently came to be deadly because an innocent woman lost her life. Myrtles departure is heart-crushing for the audience as well. The reason for this being that Myrtle was an innocent bystander, so to have her life ripped from her in such a way was gut-wrenching. F. Scott Fitzgerald expresses his view on the American Dream in his novel The Great Gatsby. His outlook on it is negative, which is apparent through the grim fates of some characters and the sad ending of the book. Fitzgerald hints that the American Dream is the need to have material things and have a fancy lifestyle, the people who pursue it are restless, careless, and always wanting more expensive things, and this pursuit is ultimately heart-rending, destroying, and fatal.

Comparing the Quest for Self in Jane Eyre and Villete Essay

Quest for Self in Jane Eyre and Villete Why is Villette so disagreeable? Because the writers mind contains nothing but hunger, rebellion and rage. Matthew Arnold, 1853. Matthew Arnold was certainly forthcoming about the defects of both Charlotte Brontes mind and of her novel. Indeed he was not alone in his reaction to her; Anne Mozley in The Christian Remembrancer ;in April 1853 wrote in reaction to Brontes other great work of rebellion, Jane Eyre, that she had to make a protest against the outrages on decorum, the moral perversity, the toleration, nay, indifference to vice which deform her picture of a desolate woman (my italics). Mozley even went far enough to label Jane Eyre a dangerous†¦show more content†¦Without language the self is mutilated and silenced and, as Tanner notes in his introduction to Villette, to be wordless is to be powerless. By having Jane and Lucy narrate their own stories Bronte allows them to create self, to free themselves from the repression of silence and to be powerful. The implications of this are obvious if the same principal were to be applied to other novels - how different would Gr eat Expectations be if Estella rather than Pip narrated the action or if Thackerays narrator in Vanity Fair were to be replaced with Becky Sharp? This, however, is not to deny that both Lucy and Jane are flawed narrators. Janes story is essentially an intellectually detached adults view but this does not stop the undeveloped [and] imperfect child view manifesting itself in her story. Jane is also profoundly middle class - she is convinced that everything foreign is intrinsically unhealthy and immoral as shown in her desire to make Adele English and in her fear of the Indian climate. If Jane expresses some features of an unreliable narrator then Lucy is seriously flawed. Initially she appears precise, lucid and detached. However in her description of the events between Paulina and her father her tone is not in keeping with the pathos of the situation. If the red room at

Romeo and Juliet charts Juliets journey from subservient daughter to passionate lover Essay Example For Students

Romeo and Juliet charts Juliets journey from subservient daughter to passionate lover Essay Romeo and Juliet is a play based on a romantic tragedy, written by William Shakespeare. The play is about two star- crossed lovers who are each from two rival families who are in a civil war against each other in the Italian city of Verona. The play charts the journey of many characters whose experiences change them forever and make them different people. So in love are the lovers, Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet, who also marry without the consent of their parents, that they actually end up killing themselves thinking it better not living then living separately. The play is based at a time when society was very patriarchal. This meant that men were seen as the heads of the family and the providers, whereas women were expected to cook and look after the house and have children. This is why the situation of Romeo and Juliet being married without their parents knowing, Capulet (Juliets father) wanting her to marry the county Paris, Romeo being banished for killing the Capulets kinsman and Juliets cousin Tybalt so much more difficult for Juliet to handle. Her status in society as a woman is mirrored by her status in her family. Capulet and Lady Capulet see Juliet more of a possession which will eventually work in their advantage when they will want to marry her off to someone rich (Paris). We see this lack of respect for Juliet in Act 3 Scene 5 when Capulet says Ill give you to my friend. Its like he doesnt even care what she wants just what he wants matters and he treats her more like his possession then a daughter. This whole experience of fal ling in love with Romeo, marrying him, losing him, changes Juliet dramatically through the play. The first time we see Juliet in the play is in Act 1 Scene 3. Juliet is alone in her room when Nurse and Juliets mother enter. From our first impression of Juliet we get to see this subservient obeying daughter, Madam, I am here, what is your will? This shows that Juliet and her mother dont exactly have a very close relationship but one where Juliet does all her mother asks and is obedient. Juliet is then asked by her mother whether she will marry Paris. This is a quite a strange question for Juliet as it is out of the blue. She replies It is an honour I dream not of. This is almost a way of letting her mother down in an easy way. This shows she does not want to disappoint her mother. She is simply not ready to get married. She is being cautious because of her inexperience. We then see Juliet in Act 1 Scene 5. This is when she first meets Romeo at the Capulet party. She falls in love with him at first sight which is a new experience for her. She keeps her cool though and engages in a short romantic conversation in which she automatically connects with Romeo. You kiss by th book is Juliets response to Romeos kiss. As the audience we know this is probably Juliets first experience of kissing a member of the opposite sex. This shows Juliet is maybe a bit desperate to make herself look more experienced then she really is. This however already gives a hint of her passion to the audience as oppose to this obedient, well brought up girl we see just a couple of scenes prior. In Act 2 Scene 2 we have the balcony scene. This is a very key part of the story. Romeo climbs into the Capulet courtyard after the party because he wants to see Juliet again risking his own life in the process. Then Juliet appears on a balcony and begins to speak but is not yet aware that Romeo is there listening. Juliet then says O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name; Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, And Ill no longer be a Capulet. Juliet is wondering why his name must be Romeo and why he must be a Montague. She also says that Romeo should not acknowledge his father but if he cannot then Juliet will refuse to be a Capulet. She is already in love with Romeo and is cursing her luck. However although her head is perhaps in the clouds a bit by saying my love is deep , at such an early stage in their relationship, she does seem to be the more mature of the two. Romeo is trying to hint that hed like to enter Juliets room but Juliet is not allowing him, keeping her sexual frustrations under control. She is however very keen on marrying Romeo when it was less than a day ago that she rejected Paris offer claiming she is not ready. Not only does she accept Romeos proposal but she is the one trying to make it as soon as possible, Thy purpose of marriage, send me word tomorrow, where and what time wilt thou perform the rite. She shows her susceptibility to falling in love which shows this vulnerable side of hers. Romeo And Juliet (637 words) EssayThe next day, Act 4 Scene 1, Juliet visits the Friar and complains to him and get to the stage where she is ready to kill herself, Do thou but call my resolution wise, And with this knife Ill help it presently.. Friar Lawrence is now very desperate to come up with something to help Juliet. He gives Juliet a drinking potion which he claims will make Juliet seem dead for about 42 hours so her family will think she is dead. For Juliet to accept this, it directly emphasises her anxiousness. The next key scene is Act 4 Scene 3 where Juliet has her soliloquy before she takes the potion. She is afraid of what will happen if it does not work and if it kills her. She thinks this might be Friars plan as he does not want to marry Juliet to Paris. What if the poison which the Friar Subtly hath ministerd to have me dead. She then begins to panic and wonder what will happen if she wakes before Romeo comes and is locked in a shrine with her ancestors. How if, when I am laid into the tomb, I wake before the time that Romeo come to redeem me? This is a very worried Juliet who does not know what to do. But it is her love for Romeo which gives her hope that it could work. She eventually takes the potion and falls asleep. The potion does work and Juliet escapes marrying Paris and is given a funeral and left in a tomb. Romeo however does not hear word of the plan and when he hears Juliet is dead, he buys some poison and takes it by Juliets body and dies. When Juliet does wake she is shocked that Romeo is dead. Out of her love for Romeo she cannot stand living without him so she picks up a knife and finishes herself of alone. O happy dagger, This is thy sheath; there rust, and let me die. She kills herself, proving her undying love for Romeo. As a conclusion I will just add that Juliets character has changed dramatically and she has most certainly become a passionate lover as she has actually killed herself in preference to living without Romeo. Her passion however does show courage, bravery, determination but above all love and devotion, to her husband, Romeo.

Computer World Essays - Hacker, Software, Computer Programming

Computer World World since the first computer was made in the late fifties, the technology has developed extremely. Computers, which were the size of a living room then, are now being made in unimaginable sizes. More and more areas are being taken over by the computer. As computers are capable of handling large amounts of data in a very short time, they are well suited for word-processing. I guess that it won't be long till magnetic tapes and diskettes replace all the paper-archives. A diskette can contain much more data than a written page, and it takes fewer places It is possible to get the New York telephone book on just one diskette. In the near future, a new area will be taken over by computers, namely maps. Different routes are stored on one single compact disk. Imagine, simply insert the CD into the CD-driver in your car, and tell the computer where to go. The rest will be done automatically. This will become a safer, faster, and more comfortable way to travel. Another new area, called "virtual reality" is currently being tested. This is a way to simulate reality on a monitor. In order to feel this so-called reality you have to wear special electronic glasses and an electronic suit. Fastened to the suit are sensors, which send information to the main computer. This computer works with the data and displays them on the electronic spectacles. This is a technique which use three-dimensional views, therefore the scenery seems incredibly realistic. If you want to be a boxer, simply change the scenery on the main computer, and you are in the ring, the choices are endless. Today, many kids have own one form of some sort of video game. You could say these games are the present's answer to monopoly. In a way, it is a great advantage that the kids are being presented to computers at an early age, because they will definitely have to use them later in their careers. In the future there will be few occupations, which won't use computers, one way or another. But the videogames are often being presented as something negative, which hinder the kids from doing homework and other more useful activities. This partially true, if they do much of it. But generally, I think the young people's contact with computers is positive. In America today, it is getting more common to have a computer at home. You can use a personal computer to keep household-budgets or for other personal reasons. It is also possible to get in touch with your bank and transfer money while you're in your living room. It is possible to contact other databases and gather information from them. The use of computers has lead to other criminal actions. "Hacking" is one of them. A "hacker" steals and manipulates information from other databases. These crimes can be very harmful. In The U.S. hackers have managed to break into private databases. The computer-programs, the software, are extremely high priced, sometimes they are even more expensive than the hardware. Therefore it is not unusual to make copies of these programs. This is strictly illegal, but nobody seems to care, because it is difficult to control it. Software producers loose billions of dollars each year because of this. Many methods have been invented to prevent this, but since the "hackers" often are more intelligent than those who make the software, I doubt that there will ever be a successful way to hinder this.

Too Connected to Social Media Essay Example

Too Connected to Social Media Essay Example Too Connected to Social Media Essay Too Connected to Social Media Essay Essay Topic: Social Media Are we too connected? Last Monday was just an average Monday. My friend sent out a tweet about her new art show and so I wall posted her via facebook about the time and location in which she replied via a comment saying that she would give me a call. She followed up with a voicemail message and an invitation email, sent to my personal account of course. I then texted her telling of my availability and keenness to see her recent work. At the end of my Monday something occurred to me; actually it was more like I was slapped in the face by the hand of modern technology. I had seemingly been communicating all day and yet somehow connected with nobody. I myself am an avid enthusiast of the joys of modern technology so you can see why I did not absorb this epiphany with composure. Speaking as an 18-year-old girl whose middle school years were marked by the likes of MySpace I feel as if I am very well educated on the topic of digital communication. I have experienced first hand the infectious, consuming nature of social media sites. The internet allows me to instantly connect with my overseas relatives and at the same time sucks me into a vortex of procrastination. It would appear that somewhere between windows 98 and the ipad3 we as a society have manipulated ourselves into a constant state of flux; endlessly devoted to the idea that we must always be connected. Digital Libraian and fournder of the Internet Archive Brewster Kahle explains, â€Å"A lot of our brain, a lot of our worth to the world, a lot of our memories, are actually not in our heads anymore. Theyre actually in the Web, in the weave, in the interconnections, the friends that we can touch at a moments notice. Thats who makes us powerful. â€Å" It would appear that for most of us technology is no longer just a tool. It is a family photo album, it’s our workspace, it’s dinner with friends at six. Teenagers change their profile page to reflect their ever-changing adolescent identities. Mothers are swapping recipes and parenting advice online. Singles are reaching out, exposing who they are in search for love. Businessmen are uploading their resumes virtually in order to climb the corporate ladder. Technology has become inherent to the way in which we function daily. As this urgency to contact one another grows so to does the need to disconnect. Things are not as intimate as they once were. It would seem that we’re almost always in a public space even from the privacy of our homes. This idea that we are always connected is in reality a false problem. You can turn the switch off, unplug, shutdown and so on. When is the last time you went without a piece of technology? Why we do rely on technology like an emotional crutch, supporting our need to interact? Technology will continue to rapidly grow and so too will knew and wonderful ways to connect globally. With this we must train ourselves. It is a hard truth, but we do not need to know what everybody is doing at every point of the day. It is a matter of quality vs. quantity. Sometimes you have to step away from the faceless monitor, let your IPhone run flat, stop sharing life so candidly and instead enjoy the simplicities

Muslims in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Muslims in America - Essay Example The essay "Muslims in America" talks about the position of Muslims in the United States of America after the WTC attacks and the 9/11 attacks when the Muslims Groups tried to kill the American people. The terrorist attacks in the US had played a major role in settling beliefs in minds of young and innocent Americans. Muslims have played a very important role in integrating with the culture of the USA. There have been many Muslims rappers in the country. Muslims have been vocal in their opinions through magazines and other means of public publications. There are Muslims Comedy groups up and running in many parts of the country and they all share a common sense of humour which is nowhere connected with the plight of Americans suffering from terrorism. The Sunni Muslims in the USA are in the majority, while the Shia Community is in the minority. They both follow their schools of jurisprudence, and more than 2/3rds of the Muslims believe that religion is an important tool to strengthen one’s life. The Muslims have integrated very well with the rest of the population in America. Although there were some doubts in the early part of the 20th century, all these doubts were erased when the Blacks living in the USA started converting to Islam, as the religion provided the best possible means to live a life which was devoid of any discrimination as opposed to Christianity. The Wall Street Journal in its report had claimed that the Ameri can Muslims had been projected as role models for the Muslims.

Market Orientation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Market Orientation - Essay Example Different departments within the organizations are completely oriented towards identifying and designing methods to meet these changing customer demands. According to Naver and Slater (1990), organizations that follow marketing orientation tend to follow five key strategies namely customer orientation, competitor orientation, interfunctional-coordination, organizational culture and focus on long-term profits. Most well-known market-oriented organizations are Sony, Dell, Toyota, General Electric, etc (Day, 1999). These organizations are customer-focused and use marketing information to develop strategies that enhance customer satisfaction. Several benefits have been identified with market orientation. A market-oriented firm can focus and retain its loyal customers that are of more value to the firm’s business. These firms usually have higher employee satisfaction because of greater customer satisfaction and vice versa. This further enhances employee commitment and their product ivity.

Culture and Disease Essay Example for Free

Culture and Disease Essay Culture is a pattern of behavior and thinking learned, shaped and shared by Europeans and Americans. It is their growing and developing bank of knowledge, experiences, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, material objects and possessions gained through generations of individual group work (Williams 1976). Any discomfort, dysfunction, distress, social problems, and alterations of behavior for Europeans and Americans are considered a disease. It is a change that disrupts the normal function of the body. It is initially believed to be caused by curses, evil spirits, or night vapors. However, in the mid-19th century the discoveries and findings of scientific works by Louis Pasteur and Koch concluded microorganisms or germs are the pathogens of infectious diseases which usually gain entrance into the body. These are microorganisms that are able to infect a host and produce a disease (Miller 2003). Subsequent studies and researches improved the concepts of healthcare. In the 21st century, Western Science of Medicine means accuracy. It is the name of the trend. Its subject the human body is likened to an outstandingly complex machine that can be figured out, customized, renovated, and its health defined and described in strictly clinical terms. Medical experts called Physicians can identify and eliminate disease-causing or etiologic organisms that originate outside the body, Surgeons evolved to be incomparable experts in dealing with acute trauma and distress, and epidemiologist uncovers the factors that determine the frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases in human populations. These factors include the characteristics of the pathogen, the susceptibility of human population resulting from overcrowding, lack of immunization, nutritional status, inadequate sanitation procedures, locations or reservoirs where pathogens lie in wait, and the various means by which infectious disease is transmitted. Ironically, resurgence of infectious disease such as tuberculosis occurred brought about by the emergence of another infectious disease HIV/AIDS (Burton 2004). The existence of epidemic and communicable diseases in specific areas were found to follow geographic patterns. Diseases like Poliomyelitis caused by over population infected Brazilian children population, and it also infected older age Scandinavian and Americans; cholera, yellow fever and dengue infected Indians in India as a result of poor sanitation; Plague brought about by rodents are cases in the Western United States of America, and in China, it is carried by rodents and fleas infecting Chinese. These findings were important concepts for public awareness to guide travelers and servicemen (Duffy 1953). Body Tuberculosis is a chronic mycobacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract characterized by fever, night sweats, weight loss, productive cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing up blood and hoarseness. It may infect lymph nodes causing systemic disease like kidney disease, urinary bladder disease and bone disease (Burton 2004). The dynamics of infection follows the following pattern: Sources of Infection Modes of entry Mechanism of disease Pattern of infection Portals of exit. Mycobacterium tuberculosis a slow-growing, acid-fast, Gram-variable bacillus is an aerobic bacillus species capable of reproducing within 16-20 hours. It is the etiologic agent of the disease called tuberculosis (Burton 2004). Mycobacterium tuberculosis developed resistance to treatment drugs. It is the second leading killer of adults in the world, with more than 2 million TB-related deaths each year (Burton 2004). Ironically, one of the endemic diseases in the United States of America is this bacterial disease called tuberculosis. In 2004 Centers for Disease and Controls, Atlanta, GA reported 14, 517 tuberculosis cases. The resurgence of tuberculosis in the United States of America in the 1980’s through 1990’s primarily resulted from the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the multi-drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis (Burton 2004). Identification and recognition of the characteristics of the pathogen, the susceptibility of human population resulting from overcrowding, lack of immunization, nutritional status, inadequate sanitation procedures, locations or reservoirs, emigration and migration of men and animals, and stress makes people immunosuppressed resulting to infection, considering that pathogens may come primarily from infected humans, sometimes from primates, cattle and other infected mammals (Burton 2004) . There are various sources from which tuberculosis can be acquired and transmitted. It may be via airborne droplets produced by the infected organism during coughing, sneezing, even singing and prolonged direct contact with infected individuals ((Burton 2004). Prevention, Precautions, Sterilization, disinfection and Patient care would all involve airborne precautions (Burton 2004). In Clinical practice, disinfection and sterilization as well as laboratory procedures were employed being a necessity. Their scientific basis has been developed only during the past century. These important procedures are: Sterilization which is the destruction or complete removal by filtration of all forms of microorganisms including their spores; Disinfection is the destruction of many microorganisms but not usually bacterial spores; Antisepsis, is the destruction or inhibition of microorganisms in living tissues thereby limiting or preventing the harmful effect of infection; Static agent would inhibit the growth of bacteriostatic microorganisms; Bactericidal agent would kill the microorganisms; Sterilizers are chemicals which under controlled conditions kill spore-forming bacteria. These agents which perform the above functions were divided into physical agents and chemical agents. With these mechanisms, Epidemiologist and Social psychologist in the United States of America helped contribute to the study of health and to the interventions to improve people’s well-being and quality of life by promoting health and preventing illnesses. They identify psychological factors that might influence illness, and identify improved ways in which health care is delivered. This is also a form of proposition for the improvement of the health of the population by promoting healthy choices and preventing people from becoming ill. Psychologists are persuasive by appealing to fear for the negative health consequences, subsequently encouraging American families, peer and schooling young adolescents to change their health behaviors by redirecting their behavioral intentions. This is in line with the concept that the actions taken by people to safeguard their health are influenced by factors such as general health values, perceived susceptibility to illness, perceptions of illness severity, expectations of treatment success, self-efficacy, perceived barriers and benefits, and cues to action. Healthy habits that are currently recommended are vigorous regular exercise, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol intake, eating healthy foods, and getting enough sleep. Even so, considering the increased cultural mixing Of the United States of America, programs or lessons in scholastic trainings are incorporated as designed to increase intercultural communications as cultural patterns affect how people make sense of the many aspects of health care: the meanings that people give to health and illness, the causes of diseases, the means to prevent illnesses, appropriate cures, and the types of individuals most qualified to provide care and attempt to cure. In this context, magico-religious approach, holistic approach and biomedical approach are not set aside, but, the healthcare system of the United States of America is typically focused on the individual patient as the source of the medical problem in need of a cure. This is rather the biomedical approach adopted to address the issues of illness and wellness. It considers people health regardless of culture to be driven by biochemical forces. Wellness is achieved by understanding that the biochemical reaction is activated. Illness happens when a part of the normal human body metabolic activities is altered. Treatments are provided by Medical health practitioners like Doctors and Nurses, thus bringing back the normal course of bodily metabolic activities supportive of good health (Lustig 1996). In 1953 Dr. Louis H. Bauer of New York, USA as a secretary General of the World Medical Health Association outlined the major task to address medical care need from their time on, such as: 1) Rural community work to establish facilities and to encourage physicians participation; 2) provide medical care all depressed areas : 3) Extend public health coverage to depressed areas; 4) Evolve strategies to address care needs people with inborn disorders; 5) Provide insurance programs to people specially senior citizens and the disabled; 6) Eradicate graft and corruption in the Medical practice; 7) General public protection for regular Medical services; 8) Renew medical societies; and 9) Medical Health ethics education for the Medical Health practitioners (Perkins 1993). Conclusion With the advent of post-industrial age marked by the ubiquitous appearance and usages of television and the computer, supposedly a reliable indicator, most Americans should be healthy and wealthy. Being so, it could be enough to affect longevity positively, primarily through lifestyle choices, rather than lack of food or shelter and diseases (Lustig 1996). However, Studies revealed that even the introduction of Medicare in the United States, bringing the poor substantially at par with the rich in terms of health care and medical services did not eliminate or even markedly reduced the large differential mortality. In contrast, life expectancy in Japan is far above all the rest of the countries in the world. The life expectancy for males is 78 years while the life expectancy for females is 85 years, in spite of half the level of spending for healthcare than that of the United States of America amounting to around $2,000 per person, 7. 4 percent of GDP (Powell 1990). The technology used in the Japanese health care system is similar to that used in the United States of America, but, the flow of funds, the quantity and intensity of use is considerably different (Powell 1990). In Japan, all citizens are free to choose any physician and hospital. Physicians may be General Private Practitioner providing primary and secondary care, while Specialist works in hospitals. Hospitals may be large and public university hospitals with medical school, research facilities, and outpatient department for primary care while small time private practitioners have small facilities and less sophisticated treatments (Powell 1990). Knowing that tuberculosis is transmitted via airborne droplets produced by the infected organism during coughing, sneezing, even singing and prolonged direct contact with infected individuals, preventions and precautions are better than an ounce of medicine after infection. Reference Burton, G. and Engelkirk, P. (2004). Microbiology for Health Sciences. USA: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Lustig, M. and Koester, J. (1996). Intercultural Competence. 6th ed. USA: HarperCollins. Powell, M. and Anesaki, M. (1990). Health Care in Japan. New York: Routledge. Duffy, John. (1953). Epidemics in Colonial America. Perkins, James E. (1952). You and Tuberculosis.

Only a Girl in Boys and Girls by Alice Munro Essay -- Boys and Girls A

Only a Girl in Boys and Girls Alice Munro's short story, "Boys and Girls," explores the different roles of men and women in society through a young girl's discovery of what it means to be a girl. A close examination of the elements of a short story as they are used in "Boys and Girls" helps us to understand the meaning of the story. The story is set in the 1940s, on a fox farm outside of Jubilee, a rural area only twenty miles away from the county jail. The farm is a place that reflects the ingenuity of the narrator's father. The pens for the foxes are arranged in neat rows, inside a high guard fence like a "medieval town". The pens each contain a kennel, a wooden ramp, and dishes attached to the wire fence. The fox farm is the father's domain, a place of hard work and creativity, in which the narrator feels at home. The house itself is the mother's domain, but it is a place that the narrator shuns, as she shuns many elements of the feminine world. The contrast between the girl's concept of the farm and of the house demonstrates the conflict she experiences between her chosen position as her father's helper and her position in society as a girl. The point of view of the story is first person. The narrator is a young girl in the process of growing up, who is, at the end of the story, only eleven years old. She is a naà ¯ve narrator, being so young, and is unreliable in her view of the people around her, especially her understanding of her mother's motives. By writing the story in this way, Munro gives us a look at women's role in society through the eyes of a girl who is just finding out the effect that society's expectations have on her. The narrator is the main character of the story. As the protagonist, she is a ... ... as a girl, her role in society is different from her father's and brother's. Although limitations are placed on her, she is free to follow her own heart. This, to her, is the meaning of being "only a girl." In conclusion, the elements of this short story work together very well to demonstrate the theme of the story. The narrator's conflict between filling a masculine role and accepting a feminine one, the contrast between her mother and her father, and the setting that is divided between the mother's domain and father's domain all build the effect of the theme well. This story gives a fresh look at the question of women's role in society through the eyes of a young girl. Work Consulted: Munro, Alice. "Boys and Girls." The Norton Introduction to Literature. Eds. Carl E. Bain, Jerome Beaty and J. Paul Hunter. 6th ed. New York: Norton, 1995. 465-75.

Living in a Stop and Frisk World

Living in a Stop and Frisk World Today around 1,400 citizens in New York City will have their constitutional rights violated through an unlawful search. The legal term for the controversial search is stop and frisk. The New York Police Department continues to pressure its officers to stop and frisk citizens, and these situations are happening at an alarmingly increasing rate. For the New York Police Department, it seems to be a game of numbers as they continue to force their officers to conduct stop and frisks through quotas (Gangi).While New York City has seen a decrease in crime over Mayor Bloomberg's term, it is difficult to directly correlate the stop and frisk policy with these decreases. This unlawful practice needs to stop as it is a controversial practice that many people believe is a direct violation of the human rights inherent for citizens. Furthermore, it could turn New York City into a police state. If an officer does not fill his monthly quota of stops, summons or arres ts, he is subject to discipline (Gangi). Often, this discipline will leave a unsettling paper trail behind the officer and prevent them from being able to move up in the ranking.This commonality has been explained by many New York Police Department officers confidentially in, â€Å"The Hunted and the Hated: An Inside Look at the NYPD's Stop-and-Frisk. † Last year, nearly 686,000 people were stopped on the street; a startling increase from only 97,000 in 2002. This amounts to a 600% increase in stops in less than ten years, and searches will continue to increase as the police department tries to keep these numbers up every year (Gangi). Factually speaking, the number has increased every single year since Mayor Bloomberg took office (Long).Crime is down, but can it accurately be attributed to an increase of stop and frisks? Stop and frisk can not be directly and certainly not solely attributed to the decrease of crime. Additionally, stop and frisk is highly subject to racial pr ofiling. Both Tuttle of TheNation. com and Lieberman of New York Civil Liberties Union agree that the stop and frisk program is a waste of resources, explaining its high failure rate: â€Å"the NYPD’s stop-and-frisk program continues to have a 90 percent failure rate. It remains a tremendous waste of resources, sows mistrust between police and he communities they serve, and routinely violates fundamental rights. (Zelon)† These are key reasons why New York City is the only large metropolis using stop and frisk as their main crime deterrent. It is an aggressive practice that ruins the relationship between the community and police department (Gangi). Ruthless practices such as stop and frisk are alienating the minority communities and terrorizing the youth. Police have admitted to targeting areas where crime is highest, but the stop and frisk approach ruins any opportunity for help from the community directly.These officers are stationed in parts of New York City that the y are disconnected from outside of work. The community knows their area best, yet the officers garner little respect amongst the community. When a community member sees something, they are less likely to say anything to the abusive New York Police Department (Eterno). Furthermore, this puts the officers in much more danger and results in a much more aggressive and assertive force as a result. Not to mention, community members are more willing to follow the law if they believe the system is fair and equal.Sociologist Tom Tyler’s research on this matter has concluded that people often obey laws in which they consider fair and legitimate; these stop and frisk police encounters are seens as unfair and racial (Braid). Community policing is a key aspect to crime fighting, and both Washington and Los Angeles have made it a main focus of their crime stopping strategy. From 2002 to 2012, New York City has had a 12% decrease in murders annually, and during the same period, Washington s aw a 43% decrease and Los Angeles had a 50% decrease in murders.Both cities have taken a less aggressive approach and focused on a less aggressive community driven strategy. Unlike New York City, these cities focus on building up communities and targeting key violent factors (Gangi). Being apart of the community as a police officer lets you work with community members living within the area and target the direct source of violence and crime. Truants within the community are at the highest risk of becoming juvenile offenders. With such hatred from the ommunity, the police department does not get information or leads about these truants until they’re in police hands for committing a crime . Not to mention, these communities become so violent due to only 2 or 3% of the population (Baird). Additionally, as the officers continue to press the streets, they are unable to work with the communities and violence ensues once again. Breaking these community lines is a waste of resources and is costing taxpayers millions of dollars every year.This policy is not only harming and scaring our youth, but it’s estimated that for every 100,000 stops it costs the taxpayers of New York 10 million dollars (Howell). Last year, New York City and the New York Police Department stopped over 650,000 people and accumulated hundreds of lawsuits for its racial and aggressive tactics (Tuttle). Under the law, suspects must appear to be committing a crime or about to commit a crime. Unfortunately, Judge Shira A. Scheindlin has uncovered â€Å"overwhelming evidence that there in fact exists a centralized stop and frisk program that has led to thousands of unlawful stops. Eterno)† Thousands of stops being performed unlawfully will turn into suits against the City of New York. Taxpayers do not want to pay for a program that is constitutionally illegal, has an extremely high failure rate and publicly targets minorities. Since New York City is the largest city in the United St ates, the police department should be a role model for other cities. Instead, the New York Police Department actively practices racial profiling, working against communities rather than in conjunction with them.At first, the aggressive stop and frisk program lowered illegal guns on the street. More recently, however, Mayor Bloomberg has taken it too far by turning the program into a regulated, quota-driven exercise that has effectively used racial profiling and intimidation as a scare tactic against minorities. If New York City is to be proactive in lowering its crime rate, it ought to focus on building communities, endorsing community leaders, and no longer allowing its Police Department to engage in the controversial stop and frisk program.

Marx And Friedrich Engels s Manifesto Of The Communist Party

In 1848 Karl Marx and his close friend and collaborator Friedrich Engels wrote The Manifesto of the Communist Party as a platform for the Communist League, a society to which they both belonged. This essay will explore the types of societies that this document describes, as well as the effects that Industrial Capitalism had on societal and individual levels. The Communist Manifesto focuses mainly on describing the society that the authors fear or that already exists, rather than the society that the authors wish to create. The majority of the document is dedicated to criticizing the state of Industrial Capitalist society and disparaging the bourgeoisie. Society in 1848, as Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels describe it, was governed solely by the economic interests of the highest, ruling class, meaning in this case the bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie is defined by Marx and Friedrich as the class of the modern Capitalists, owners of the means of social production and employers of wage-labourers. Marx was highly critical of the bourgeoisie and, in The Communist Manifesto, they are presented as being at the heart of society s problems. The society of the period is based on a two-class system which allows the bourgeoisie to oppress the proletariat. The proletariat is defined by the authors as the class of modern wage-labourers who, having no means of production of their own, are reduced to selling their labour-power in order to live. Because the bourgeoisie controlled all of theShow MoreRelatedMarx And Engels : An Old Meeting Place Of Voltaire And Diderot856 Words   |  4 Pages1844, 26-year-old Karl Marx and 23-year-old Friedrich Engels met in Paris for an aperitif at the Cafà © de la Regence – an old meeting place of Voltaire and Diderot. Their ensuing discourse lasted ten intense days and resulted in a lifelong friendship. This transformative relationship is evident in the publishing of The Communist Manifesto in 1848, during a period of widespread European revolution. Although Marx and Engels agreed that revolution was justified to create a communist society, their differenceRead MoreThe Communist Ma nifesto And Das Kapital1507 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx A German philosopher, economist, journalist and revolutionary scientist, Marx was best known for his work in economics. He laid the foundations for today s theories of labor and capital. The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital were among the most famous of his published works. Born to a middle-class family in Trier, Prussia in 1818, his parents were Jewish, but converted to Christianity in 1816 due to strict anti- Jewish laws. 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